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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel {9 K1 y# Q) @) E7 k
Class Notes and lecture material( L! c- |& Y3 u `& S8 H1 c. D: \* Z
For
/ s, B( C$ ?- D1 aMSE 651.01--+ I, `" z4 A: t: {% `" u
Physical Metallurgy of Steel
& B8 i& A. i# `Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus. n% e1 O3 f, a
Notes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished6 s( S: h! m& f; P5 T
Professor of Engineering9 Q! x1 C, r1 l" U0 Y
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate# [& N& m P! x$ I4 ~
Last revision date: 1/8/013 u h( ^) g2 M R$ `" w; @8 L
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STEEL$ H! o5 C8 c) b" X) P& [
Foreword4 j$ t! N9 N8 z2 F1 \( J
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
3 V0 Y% Y& l9 W9 k5 E4 O4 [/ _metallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is) o" c8 H Y: u
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific
: e) F( _# u- ^. O, Q/ C/ creferences to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
- C; d( o3 r% `6 t Y3 K2 s6 Wknowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts) o4 d3 c/ c' n! B& `0 q- J
in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted
9 C* I' ?: b7 ~# ebecause that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is; r7 n7 e) ~% O
restricted for use in MSE 651.01.! g! O6 y- F* N
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
( P8 x, f6 J# C1 k6 i. zPrinciples of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)) t# M0 H2 d! |" Y* @$ ~
The Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)
! ^/ i* v% q: K9 }0 _* IThe ASM Metal Handbooks.
) m% u2 D# x( tHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977, ]. x+ T) _$ L5 A( c
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980# y m( J' [8 _* @8 W7 s1 n
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.
& M/ P4 c5 l8 M$ BIntroduction
& J1 O# g7 T1 W8 u YSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the" G8 S7 j6 {1 V' k- p a7 U: O; Z& v
Earth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they
' K4 C6 R! M' |9 g+ n1 A) |can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling
( D: ~: N0 l& t+ Xand forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable& i) N) u6 a3 a6 B8 y# M6 \
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications$ o8 E$ G( L" W% u( \
that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural8 H* _7 b' U& M, B8 w+ ?- R1 e
materials that are manufactured# x* X/ p6 D. y4 b, y* R
( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).7 i' N; p& x6 J1 L3 P% r$ B M
What, then, is steel?' x% u* B4 F* t5 |
A precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very. B4 Z1 y) W& Z6 M" x* q
large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably* T9 W7 _' o& Y3 w
begin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a
3 n0 B: w# ?0 j1 q( _$ E" ybeginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;' r, _$ R, W/ L2 @
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel; Y4 {0 [( C( l3 x
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the w# p4 f/ V4 e' s' E6 Z5 {) _
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by/ D+ }6 q: \2 {0 q+ \9 S* {' H
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons
2 \( u$ t3 @( Z4 Y/ ocontain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This) t- ~$ _5 n/ V. b1 x
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the
8 Y( J, I: n: t& h6 [# H3 kcarbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced0 J: s O) E6 [/ r$ W1 x" ]: _
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon# i& z) I% U# {. T- y1 g" M
to form carbides.+ s9 o! `+ R3 b7 m) k
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter) y2 ?7 i* s5 z8 I8 V
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),
2 x4 V! s( y7 w8 G: [applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with. G' V' u' |, H6 N0 H5 K
225 W4 c6 `) \( f+ j" I+ C2 a& c
plain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in2 c8 O0 p1 y" _
the greatest tonnage |
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