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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel
* W2 h# _3 t7 G1 QClass Notes and lecture material8 [# s5 F# s) L6 v: w
For5 U0 u) f. s9 F
MSE 651.01--+ X8 F, ~6 p4 |
Physical Metallurgy of Steel1 f1 i/ i9 q# c3 I+ j
Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus/ g+ c# w4 u! r7 h2 l R
Notes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished, ~: D9 C$ r, y1 x
Professor of Engineering6 N( T( l# w% z' J
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate
3 w; v/ F( C- R. ?% j8 I) q5 _3 rLast revision date: 1/8/01
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STEEL
1 R+ u0 Q% [. gForeword
0 P/ ]/ E7 m: RThis document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
7 ]& O2 @6 e: ^) g- O" a0 F! Umetallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is2 {) ?6 U2 ^2 \3 M
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific
+ q( e% j+ U/ V! H' Kreferences to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
f* o) S" C) [. e; I' qknowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts
) Q, m" ?, Y1 @0 d8 J7 Bin the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted
% a2 A1 I0 L( i M6 e6 vbecause that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is
8 |0 |2 u& E/ T' q+ E$ Orestricted for use in MSE 651.01.9 k$ n! f6 t9 {0 p
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
2 a$ z7 P5 ?) E9 D9 a' u4 H% LPrinciples of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
$ b3 K2 i3 s+ y3 o# S5 n$ p: iThe Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)
: F7 Z9 U% I5 O8 {: J8 `( y0 H% I+ ?The ASM Metal Handbooks.
: k& v. d6 H& f3 p! VHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 19770 j7 O( y; J5 z/ x. n
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 19805 J9 g. P9 z" b" q9 J
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.
- e/ _* U. v5 [/ x3 v6 d+ a$ ?3 l" \Introduction
" ^$ y4 t! j GSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the6 v. k2 M* u! y* S
Earth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they
0 n3 B; j. E$ V- D% C1 `# _" fcan be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling
3 L( m9 o# N8 Aand forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable5 |# T3 E( Y7 ? m/ T4 j
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications
/ O. m& C+ U+ V ~5 |that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural1 Z1 u2 V: I6 d: ~0 g
materials that are manufactured
; Q- f1 Y( ~2 f/ v, W& M( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).4 g* {" c) M7 {* a$ K
What, then, is steel?
1 g8 e0 q% Q6 b* mA precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
5 D6 y0 }: d! b7 `: jlarge variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably
$ @4 q, [- Z# Kbegin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a
$ Q4 |6 b/ {, {beginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;6 I: J! `: G$ |& v7 H6 g
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel1 V+ r. q% u9 _8 v$ w
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the
. ~+ V: y0 ~$ a' y% y8 }3 H6 smaximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by# p, d$ b$ v X1 v7 E' ~
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons
' C% k6 g) t# B7 ]- l* {contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This
% m L& v% O- ldoes not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the; S2 f8 Z e" c. s
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced
6 U& S! ~5 D ~( F$ e4 I; e, ?further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon2 q5 m s7 A- [0 U/ N
to form carbides.! `% a6 X" ~6 p1 A. {
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter
3 ]2 U8 o b |can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),
6 h4 H2 @. y$ o; r6 \applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with1 F. ?, u! F# l
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plain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
* [9 Z _0 ?: q" fthe greatest tonnage |
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