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[讨论] 在国外搞建筑工程设计,哪些东西与国内不同?

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发表于 2008-3-14 07:56:30 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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有朋友想了解国外是怎么搞建筑工程设计的吗?
$ d0 `2 m* X. l9 r7 F: T3 x8 S4 {5 _! [" ?. N; X

- e, i) k' a. P3 L5 h1 w据本人观察,国内的设计院一般专业设置齐全,一个项目不出大门就能搞定。在国外一个专业,最多两个专业就是一个公司,一个项目要n个公司协作才能完成。边规划边协调,边协调边设计,边设计边施工,边施工边修改,边修改边调试,边调试边培训,边培训边验收。混乱但有秩序,低效但保质量。所以就造成了国外的图纸画的很好看,内容好像很多,但就我们关心焦点尺寸,少之又少。等到最后施工,这些东西都快协调800遍了,由施工人员"打哪指哪",哪里还有什么错、漏、碰、缺呀。大家可能注意到了,国外的图纸上有五花八门的声明,其目的就是尽量少负法律责任。要是真有脱不了干系的责任,就把板子打在那个在图纸上盖章的“注册工程师”身上,所以对于设计责任他最上心,不用三级校审也行。
8 L& [$ [2 O$ X1 L7 H# J/ z" d+ ]7 F

4 Z; K. [0 ]1 e# M. q3 _+ p此贴抛砖引玉,以共享外国,外企网友的经验,为我国的工程建设领域借鉴。/ s5 T3 `0 f+ e) }$ C% a) g
$ c& O) G7 h6 j
[ 本帖最后由 bafloow 于 2008-3-14 08:11 编辑 ]

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et998866 + 5 论题有新意

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-15 09:06:21 | 显示全部楼层
贴一张图请大家看看(通风)

M-421 Part Layout.PDF

456.47 KB, 下载次数: 5

发表于 2008-3-16 10:43:42 | 显示全部楼层
国外也有总包与分包的关系吧。如果自己协调各分包商的关系是比较麻烦。

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 10:53:18 | 显示全部楼层

比图纸还重要的设计文件 - Specification

多年以前,我们设计院接了个境外项目,当时北京的寰球在国际工程领域名气较大,所以我们就到他们那里取经。因为我国的大型化工装置均为进口,寰球的前身就是化工部第一设计院,他们在对外交往中比大多数设计院先行一步。他们告诉我们,设计文件除了图纸外,还有一个重要文件就是设备规格书,我们院给了它起了另外一个名子“工程规定”。化工装置的设备规格书好理解,建筑工程的规格书当时还真不知道是什么。最终费尽九牛二虎之力,闭门造车还是给写出了一个,好在那个项目后来黄了,否则丑就出大了。
* |7 ~8 P; Z. p& @3 s6 [) j3 n + `7 n5 [7 A! B+ z& K
工程规定是何物?原来它在国外叫Specification,是由专门的组织编写的,然后以政府级高度被采用,内容涉及对工程所有环节的详细要求,远非一个设计院的能力所能及。这个指导性文件,基本上是检验教训和打官司打出的产物,有了这个东西作为工程的指导,即使设计人员自己本身经验不丰富,工程质量也不大会有大问题,参与各方也不会有大纠纷。我国的那种行业的“施工及验收规范”还是比不上这个Specification

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 11:02:32 | 显示全部楼层
原帖由 wanyeqing2003 于 2008-3-16 10:43 发表 http://www.3dportal.cn/discuz/images/common/back.gif
6 R0 |# ]  h3 H' Q4 }国外也有总包与分包的关系吧。如果自己协调各分包商的关系是比较麻烦。

1 J: P" o. U* I: ]0 s国外的分包商多如牛毛,协调是个大问题,文件中出现最多的词就是coordination。上贴所说的Specification就有很多协调方面的要求,设计人员也有这方面的职责。
发表于 2008-3-16 19:38:22 | 显示全部楼层
国际上有专门承包合同,规定了承包方的各种职责,权利和义务。  a7 B$ Z, S3 I
我们业主和承包方往往不了解其中的内容,所以比较费劲。. v2 \+ e# S" Y! Z- H! V
" _" Z5 X1 k9 ?1 \; x
具体内容可以参考下面的网页:
" b/ a+ x7 I( X9 G( A( J# P, xhttp://www.tb-lawyer.com/Article_Special.asp?SpecialID=1
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 20:32:48 | 显示全部楼层
FIDIC太庞大了,美国,加拿大的MasterFormat被广泛采用于日常的建筑工程当中,各设计单位还要根据工程的具体情况作补充修改,作为设计文件与图纸一起发布。在施工之前设计人员还要根据specification的要求,审核施工承包商,或设备材料供货商所提供的解决方案是否合理,设备材料是否符合要求的等等,承包商的偷工减料在这个环节中被杜绝。
发表于 2008-3-16 21:01:11 | 显示全部楼层
有了FIDIC合同,还需要有这方面知识的人员来执行。
8 O# b: |1 l$ F  Z6 d9 J, t: T6 j1 s$ H/ _
' v4 r/ b9 ?1 O6 L( O  J工程中除了甲方代表外,还有监理可以协助开展工作。3 @. _8 S* z( X# p% n

6 U* a3 Q) ]  h8 g[ 本帖最后由 wanyeqing2003 于 2008-3-18 07:58 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-18 07:40:50 | 显示全部楼层
以下是一个实际工程的spec. (建筑设备)内容目录 15000.tableofcontents.pdf (10.72 KB, 下载次数: 2)
发表于 2008-3-18 10:54:37 | 显示全部楼层
呵呵~~国际项目确实不一样!
) D& Z. n6 m) k; e" t7 h经常见到的文件有以下几种:' T3 Z1 L. K7 H! C
specification(说明书),calculation (计算书),MATERIAL REQUISITION,datasheet,Technical Enquiry,MATERIAL TAKE-OFF......- `: o! `( n' w; z( @8 b
那个specification最难弄,把各方面都必须写得很清楚,每句话最好都要按照标准里要求那样写!其他的文件都好说!, O7 L, w" ]+ m) Q. ]9 Z1 J7 J% h

; V4 ~- G4 ]4 @( {  p; I下面给大家一个阴极保护方面的specification的目录看看!9 x8 \, l# _4 X0 \4 a

2 `7 Q9 k' M& m8 AINDEX; X6 q) q. W/ U( s! I
1.0 SCOPE.
' [& v0 ]; \0 [; {1.1 General. ; i" R( T+ F  T# f# k  d. k# f
1.2 Definitions. ) u  v- b/ A/ k% w) _9 j, M
2.0 CODES, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS. * p3 I/ @1 j0 ~% F6 z
2.1Codes, Regulations and Standards. : H4 [4 G2 U4 y/ x" E. A  o+ M
3.0 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
( R0 p  c$ }3 K: ?/ i; v4.0 BASIC DATA.. # L% T8 ?+ b5 l
4.1 Design Life. / p9 Q4 y3 g) v0 k0 d! t0 q
4.2 Cathodic Protection Potential. ( d/ B; D' h2 I( B; z
4.3 Protection Current Density..
" G- z5 j" U+ ]( h4.4 Energy.. ' y" _% M0 K2 X# C% n
4.5 Test Posts. ( l( ?+ F. ~8 t
4.6 Insulating Joint..
5 C. l3 A# u5 c( G6 n( p; v) z4.7 Effect of Electric Line. / g" n5 o  X8 z/ o8 F
4.8 TemporaryCathodic Protection..
: D4 r2 a5 {, H/ f3 p' m5.0 DESIGN CRITERIA.. $ N7 }, I* {8 E4 t
5.1 Mode of Cathodic Protection.. 2 o! x' _& ?1 ?9 k
5.2 Transformer Rectifier.. : d. ]9 y8 [1 @6 w, w
5.3 Anodes.
9 z' U8 }! _1 J# S! c! e5.4 Carbonaceous Backfill.
" m: M2 \; z, n; _5.5 Anode Junction Box.. 7 T0 k7 B' H4 c) j$ p7 b- A% ~9 s" b
5.6 Test Post and Permanent Reference Electrodes. 8 ~. c2 F- {, X# m& F
5.7 Cables.
& r5 J+ T8 ?5 `4 A5.8 Permanent Reference Cell. . h( E5 |7 ]5 S: Z' J
5.9 Groundbed.. ! I1 r' @; q( L0 C9 Y! a
5.10 Pipeline GroundingSystem...
7 M" P* G4 }! V2 ~* E7 L( B" g5.11 Casing Pipe Cathodic Protection System... 9 ^# y6 X0 b8 ?/ h
6.0 TEST OF CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM...
: \2 i* |/ ~  }2 S) T2 M4 i7.0 INSTALLATION..
# y6 h( i- z3 ?  R0 ?8.0 COMMISSIONING TESTS.
6 N; z, ~  @6 _' V! \' k7 |9.0 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE.
) ?- n2 Z' E7 H& w2 Y10.0 SPARE PARTS.
* A- e) o- R. v2 v2 a
+ t7 I6 }; n+ Y[ 本帖最后由 zxs1221 于 2008-3-18 10:59 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:29:15 | 显示全部楼层

Specification -- 内墙的施工,供货,和提交的文件要求-1

[WASTEWATER MASTER SPECIFICATION] FINISH HARDWARD. _  X4 l- ^3 x6 R
[PROJECT TITLE] 08710-1: h: _3 h2 a, j! E0 G7 X& O( m
SECTION 08710
& |. N. l. x4 m6 z. |2 o) Y2 ]FINISH HARDWARE
" x! a0 C1 O+ [  N$#' f6 }- g5 J  g$ ^) j
NTS: This specification section requires careful review by the specifier. The specifier
6 {0 r: E- K1 i" N5 i, pis required to modify the section according to the requirements of the project.) p+ S: @$ a. x) ^
Brackets indicate items to be checked, completed, edited, selected, or filled in.- t4 o8 P7 s/ B: @% ^6 |. d; F
NTS notations and brackets should be removed in the final printing.1 n% |% n8 K: s1 M6 t8 j8 z5 [
#$( p1 w' J6 p' Z3 [3 l! O3 }' q
PART 1 -- GENERAL
/ U7 o3 e4 l4 Z* Q, Y! Z+ k) N! c& a+ f( ^4 L+ b* \& w7 z
1.1 THE REQUIREMENT
+ ~2 C4 e1 D  Z. _A. The Contractor shall furnish all tools, equipment, materials, supplies and manufactured items,& {4 U0 C+ B# L7 ^" _2 E
and shall perform all labor required to furnish and install, complete, finish hardware as indicated
; t2 Q8 A& i" P2 b# N: C. pon the Drawings and specified herein.2 M. V; T3 D( i% U2 D3 p+ c

' i) P) I, w5 f6 O0 w+ L1.2 RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE9 K& p* K' z- a3 s( C8 q. w
A. Section [02830] Chain Link Fences and Gates.
$ N/ [" U( d8 m# }" qB. Section [05500] Miscellaneous Metalwork.+ o& c/ ^$ B( Z& @+ g. P( E
C. Section [06100] Rough Carpentry.
4 R2 r# y9 M! _D. Section [06200] Finish Carpentry and Millwork.7 D# U+ E! o% G% C4 Q" Q  {- @6 r/ t
E. Section [08360] Overhead Doors.0 A1 m' j4 z! K2 c, Y$ A
F. Section [08410] Aluminum Entrance and Storefronts.
+ g5 g: r0 [  r$ R  UG. Section [10160] Metal Toilet Partitions.
, ], \1 r  @- cH. Section [10500] Metal Lockers., f& D; w- p1 c1 h5 v
$ s( C. J3 n" {" l: I) {7 T4 k
1.3 REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS* A* T$ z( E- Z+ S  n. g
A. Comply with the reference specifications of the GENERAL REQUIREMENTS., h, c3 l# g& ^% l  e: t
B. Comply with the current provisions of the following Codes and Standards.
& o; u* e% Q4 P$ I  f1. Commercial Standards:
$ v- @# s* k$ b/ ?+ N8 _) v; |Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc. requirements and approvals.
# G( Q, ~1 K; F% k& t. ^Hardware Institute (DHI) Recommended Procedure for Processing Hardware" j' N$ z9 c2 A# \
Schedules and Templates and Architectural Hardware
' q( U1 o$ W- @( c1 }Scheduling and Format.
5 q. k9 D6 b3 a% b, sBHMA Builders' Hardware Manufacturers' Association9 h$ j# j( o# P
2. Manufacturers' Standards: In addition to the standards listed above, the finish hardware
% J" |6 X" Z: y: Kand its installation shall be in accordance with the manufacturers' published
7 r+ T% H/ u- yrecommendations and specifications.8 x  d- H3 k' u

4 @  O( o1 i6 t1.4 CONTRACTOR SUBMITTALS2 T$ B6 y0 ~  D( _; A
A. Submittals shall be made in accordance with the GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
. [. U: H( J9 Q5 U$ y% ]7 y' nB. The following submittals and specific information shall be provided.
7 h# |5 _4 v7 n/ @) e1. Samples: The samples of all items requested by the ENGINEER shall be furnished by the
. w# P! z2 s, e' x% N& Ghardware supplier no later than [10] days after said request is received.
1 g4 w6 `9 \, @. ^8 w2. Manufacturer's information: The CONTRACTOR shall submit a complete detailed; U$ {) B8 f' \9 R: z+ ?: q9 E- \* r
hardware list and a schdule along with manufacturer's literature on each item for approval.
3 Q/ b9 d  C: L, INo hardware shall be delivered until the hardware schedule has been approved by the
% Q" I% X1 N: h: o- xENGINEER.
0 L2 ^/ ?( M7 f3. The hardware schedule submitted by the CONTRACTOR shall list the actual product series
6 O% H3 V# k! S& m$ L2 K; e( Jnumbers. Manufacturer's catalog requirements for actual size of door closers, brackets,
0 U& p& h0 w: L( i, m& N: _  Fand holders shall be observed. All door sizes shall be noted on the hardware schedule and" e) l/ r0 z7 s2 ^
all hardware shall be in strict accordance with height, width, and thickness requirements.
( t% A  T. H2 y% g" N4. The schedule shall indicate groups, type, manufacturer's name, catalog number, location,
, t8 }8 F$ I1 o3 _and finish of each item to be provided, all in accordance with the DHI "Architectural$ i, ^7 i% m$ ~' U2 o3 k5 J" [4 s* y$ |
Hardware Scheduling Sequence and Format".
2 d& q8 o% C! X8 ~5. The schedule shall also include a complete template list showing template references and8 \  A* G# z3 f. T. J% T) A
data for each item requiring preparation of metal doors and frames." ~) @8 P/ a5 D- g: G
6. Hardware for aluminum doors may be included in a separate section of the schedule.
3 d4 b1 Q% H% k) P( d
: B5 s: q/ R$ c, X1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE! w' n! Y4 @" `, d
A. Manufacturer's product names, numbers, and models are given herein for the purpose of; P+ X% z: B$ [: i" P  |2 O+ h
indicating the requirements for the type, general construction, material and operation of the0 `  Q& ?8 f! C. c5 X6 K5 z* ^
specific item, not with the intention of limiting the item to the manufacturer's listed product.+ D- @$ {  c  [6 L! s
Substitution of another manufacturer's product that is fully equivalent in all respects may be
' q, d. U7 Q/ n& g0 ]made subject to the approval of the ENGINEER. It shall be the CONTRACTOR's responsibility  v  d- i- a4 D# S+ U$ ]4 C' E
to supply detailed and complete data to the ENGINEER as required to facilitate appropriate! ?' l7 c- {: s/ E$ ]. v9 R2 A1 p
evaluation of all proposed substitute items.
- J: G' s9 M& v" H$ m1.6 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
% C$ R5 v- K% ~A. Except where otherwise specified all hardware shall be delivered to the jobsite.  V" ?- ~7 O, ^3 {" @
B. Each unit of hardware specified herein shall be individually packaged complete with fastenings1 O5 }  U$ g) J' F
and all appurtenances. Each package shall be clearly marked on the outside to indicate its, e* @7 |$ J, E# R6 U
contents and its specific location in the work, and shall be identified by its related number from, e# i' H) d0 @" K8 F
the reviewed hardware list.
9 @8 Y* G2 p' y1 U; I3 KC. Contractor shall store hardware in a safe place at the jobsite where directed by the ENGINEER
& h- i* v+ p- N8 Uto prevent loss or damage until installation.$ ]1 z8 t2 l: ]; U" a( `
) w5 n7 o2 |" h8 q& ?& K
[ 本帖最后由 bafloow 于 2008-3-19 07:30 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:34:28 | 显示全部楼层
PART 2 -- PRODUCTS
' n  @8 E1 Z- Y  D! a% {4 J  i* o' f$ J3 a5 ?  f: T
2.1 GENERAL! h, A3 {% i& X6 @2 `/ B
A. Manufacturer's product names, numbers and models given herein are for the purpose of
& y2 a& H' f2 i7 T& ]# t0 p* qindicating the basic requirements for type, construction, material, operation, durability and
4 {! S) P$ g: B1 ]functional adequacy of the specific item. Substitution of another manufacturer's product that is; \3 _+ U6 f8 Z7 R* J3 q  I/ O
fully equivalent in all respects will be made subject to the approval of the ENGINEER.8 n- w  s9 X6 H6 y: D% H4 u$ _* ]
B. Provide end products of one manufacturer for each item in order to achieve standardization for
6 V1 O. v/ y; t0 d- Y' Qappearance, maintenance, and replacement./ r" x+ A$ V! x: Q! m& q4 u* C
C. When deemed necessary for product evaluation prior to review, the ENGINEER may require
" V- o3 b) u/ r* w& dsubmittal of full size standard production units for inspection and check. Such samples will be" ~- c  G& F% `1 q* d$ J
returned to the Contractor and may be installed on the project if identified for location in" W1 G! ?/ V9 E" w
conformance with specified requirements.$ l) i. ?- P* `' Y( r! J
D. Contractor shall check kinds and quantities of hardware products to determine conditions,# p2 X3 s8 T5 L3 V$ {9 G. m1 }: D3 @
completeness, and conformance to the Specifications.
) \! u- G9 q' q$ {5 a5 H& o
7 W( x0 a% h8 K' M% f8 R% E0 _! L! g2.2 PRODUCT TYPES; i% f. Q6 U* f' }( j
A. Locks and Latches: All locks shall be security type with 6-pin cylinders having stainless steel
7 k) @' B: J, E3 u9 Z$ lmechanism for all exterior hollow metal doors.+ W! ^! [# v! _/ y* a& G5 H1 p8 Z
B. Lock Uniformity: Except as otherwise specified, Contractor shall furnish locksets, cylinders, and8 X% b: u/ a8 g/ t4 y' T
component parts as hereinbefore specified, by one manufacturer.
; I( U2 l2 X6 H2 H. j9 XC. Lock Strikes: Shall be boxed type with curved tip of sufficient length to protect trim and/or jamb.# z) P/ }. @/ g, {  H
Lock strikes shall be delivered to the jobsite with the locksets.
" R& F6 z8 u" E. }  |' }. gD. Fasteners: Bolts, screws, fittings, and other fasteners, including soffit plates for door closers,# P0 X& M6 O( |# K& Z' H$ w0 ]
shall be provided for proper and secure attachment with specified hardware.2 Z* k4 V2 H0 p% Q/ `
E. Door Closers shall be full rack and pinion type with adjustable means of regulating closing speed,
; q' j& W1 u2 U/ l2 m. slatching speed, back check, and with reduced spring power and shall be regular parallel arm type
, ?4 V. |6 M# n+ n' D& r! Xwith 90 degrees to 180 degrees hold open provisions.+ T& c* i* d6 n* b4 S/ p3 U0 ]
F. Door Swings: Door swings indicated on the Contract drawings are standard door swings. If a
$ `& B  Z& `/ B1 `6 T# r$ cdoor hand is changed during Construction the Contractor shall make necessary changes in9 k3 R- i, }3 u0 Z5 G- r$ R9 A
hardware at no additional expense to the CITY, subject to the approval of the ENGINEER.
6 T. M6 l/ y2 A3 iG. Silencers shall be provided for all metal door frames; three for single doors, two for pairs of
, R+ f! A' `. p# y; C# R) d/ Sdoors.
4 X' k# a0 u2 mH. Door Butts shall be of proper width to clear trim and other features when door swings to
7 U0 \7 J" u: `( l+ E* {& G# w180 degrees and shall have oil-impregnated ball bearings.
* C8 Y: s6 u  L" `; j) Q' w& i1. Door 1-3/4-inch thick up to 7-feet 0-inch to have 1-1/2 pair of 4-1/2-inch X 4-1/2-inch butts.  K' M) x" J2 T1 T
2. Exterior doors to have butts with oil-impregnated bearings.- i5 X( u+ E' L$ V
3. Provide template hinges for use on metal door frames.
1 G; X# Y) {$ s& V" QI. Temporary Lock Cylinder: Contractor shall provide temporary lock cylinders with temporary
# F% F+ c7 i% w: I% N6 Pconstruction keys for door locks during the construction period.( N. f& ?: O; ]3 p+ e, z, A& q. v
J. Kickplates: 16-gauge stainless steel with edges beveled four (4)sides. Kickplates to be 10-2 b. Y  @: g- o
inches high x door width less 1-inch.+ p8 s6 U1 \" F. ?% T; }
K. Lock Astragal: Provide astragal for exterior in swinging 1-3/4-inch metal doors, of 9-3/8-inch x 1-
" E5 Z4 \# p+ k2 G2 }% G: n1/2-inch size with US 10 finish designed to prevent tampering of lock bolts from the exterior.4 f& |8 M1 D6 E, D
L. Flush Extension Bolt: Two point concealed automatic type for exit operation only with control
9 W) t9 B& C! u% ]  ~6 m+ _: {knob located on the inside, provided with top and bottom strikes, Underwriters Laboratories (UL)/ ]4 V1 ?2 @, O1 o4 M- j  C' @8 l
Listed, bronze components with 626 finish and designed for use on 1-3/4-inch thick hollow metal- l9 j8 d+ t& Q: `/ L5 ^5 b' H+ u0 p
doors.9 P% B& {' n4 z7 i+ H) M' `: t
0 m$ e1 i0 t, \: z6 o( Y
2.3 FINISHES1 u& O: C' `1 {% N6 M% e1 s8 x) w. L
A. All finishes hereinafter specified are "BHMA" numbers as specified by the "Building Hardware7 c2 p1 w, q) T1 J2 G" a+ z- i
Manufacturer's Association".3 l; H5 N, j7 _* X  {
1. 600 - Prime Coat
8 g, x% r- J- B' r0 k$ P2. 626 - Dull Chromium8 H- L2 I9 n6 A4 s* a
3. 629 - Bright Stainless Steel
2 C* m' M8 g! u" m8 I5 ?4. 630 - Satin Stainless Steel: ?, K9 C. Z" A
B. All items not specified herein shall have BHMA 630 finish.- m" s5 c' q4 ^2 h
C. Locksets and Deadlocks shall have BHMA 630 finish.( u) C5 O) l" w/ w( T
D. All hinges to have BHMA 630 finish
  [- @  X7 X: D, \' JE. Kickplates, Push and Pulls to have BHMA 630 finish.
3 O7 o: Z4 u, t8 s* ZF. Closer cover plates to have dull bronze lacquer finish.1 P8 c4 E0 S3 j' p
G. Miscellaneous Finishes shall be as specified.
+ M- h2 u  w3 M& P) C/ y- B- z: O' y3 J" R+ ]
2.4 KEYING
% ^, D8 \4 Q6 S" {0 x0 {# YA. To ensure full coordination with CITY's keying needs and requirements, all keying will be9 ]" r! b2 T) A" V! D% M8 v' I
determined after a conference with the ENGINEER, and such keying shall be designated in the  a) \4 i5 n& G1 N, A
CONTRACTOR's hardware schedule by appropriate set of numbers opposite the respective
( c+ ~$ `: M3 @' u; wdoors. Keys shall be positively identified for their respective locks and shall be delivered into the8 \2 {$ {, Y" i; f9 m/ g3 s  ^& t( A
hands of the ENGINEER upon completion of the work.; o+ B$ X# I" Y0 R4 q( X
1. All locks and cylinders shall be labeled consecutively with the door number to correspond
; q/ |5 n( p) }0 @8 v  I" X: {% ^with change keys. All shipping tags shall be of approximate 2-inch X 3-inch size.
  x7 W: q* C# C2 H$ I, O" kB. Keys:
9 [* B/ Z" ]8 E" B9 d4 F1. All keys shall be nickel-silver large bow, plain both sides, (6 pin) stamped on one side& j. T3 s  `$ u) d& N" ?' H
"CITY OF LOS ANGELES -DO NOT DUPLICATE".; Z5 \$ {7 g$ Z1 N( m
2. CONTRACTOR shall furnish two (2) keys for keyed alike locks; two (2) keys for each keyed
2 c5 i; p. P& g* zdifferent locks, and six (6) grandmaster keys.7 p& N& V0 X0 ?1 t% K9 S- x
3. Lock manufacturer shall ship all keys including grandmaster, master, and change keys, via4 u  ?# ^$ ~+ l; O' Y$ x0 x
Registered Mail directly to the ENGINEER. The keys shall be individually tagged and
9 w/ m$ u& i- O3 ~% n+ i6 \! E2 eidentified by door locations.
0 b  O  b8 o2 w, o: t* t4. At the time of change-over from construction lock cylinders to permanent lock cylinders,) U* P: y. t: j4 K8 `
the INSPECTOR will check the permanent key operation with the in-place permanent lock4 `) A5 F7 I0 o1 w! h
cylinders to assure proper operation of locks and keys.7 C0 m. y5 q0 ^6 |5 B& t8 U/ j

& E( o! {# o3 [0 [2.5 HARDWARE SCHEDULE
$ P& h) B' C+ E' h  E/ gA. The following hardware schedule is intended to represent the hardware required. Provide the
# d/ _2 {, R$ u+ H5 ufollowing hardware or their equal:
9 m2 f9 \1 y2 A$ x$#" I$ o8 t; R+ m* l( `/ x3 x
NTS: List quantity, description, manufacturer's detail and finish for hardware
1 Y5 M* v( t; Z8 J8 B1 t7 ?5 p; V  uapplicable to this project.
; K. {) c9 m% N8 F) Q2 Y/ I#$  c: J5 D" K$ C$ T* T' q1 Q+ L

$ ?* \9 w* Z6 a" m2.6 TEMPLATES4 i2 {" @# Y7 Y, b
A. All hardware for metal doors and metal frames shall be fabricated to template. Templates, or
1 n! P' D+ ?- Q+ i: h8 xphysical hardware items, shall be furnished sufficiently in advance to avoid any work delay.* C3 {1 u  s+ Q
& U1 A1 B% T& B' s; T
PART 3 -- EXECUTION
4 A2 D; R' O4 r1 S% }  p" o( f3 `5 }- [
3.1 GENERAL' U3 q; Z0 M$ i& J& Y
A. During the construction period, the CONTRACTOR shall employ temporary construction lock" l! w2 j  D; l
cylinders with temporary construction keys on door locks in the project.
7 f4 {6 Z5 k& D- Y' w9 n: `2 lB. Prior to completion of construction, and after final installation of hardware, the CONTRACTOR) l) ^" I5 {4 p: m7 ?
shall demonstrate to the ENGINEER that all items of operable hardware function properly, that
5 P: q; R5 q+ mdoors swing smoothly, and that keys lock and unlock their respective doors.
& J6 ], e  `! J% VC. At the time of completion of the facility, on direction of the ENGINEER, the CONTRACTOR shall/ b; M( ~( i- f7 ~1 i# b0 F
replace the construction lock cylinders with the permanent lock cylinders.9 n" C3 I% y3 A' c# G; y
D. The CONTRACTOR, upon completion of the work herein, shall remove all oil, grease, or other
1 F/ F( W% J( k' U8 m( _! |6 K2 D7 `# csoiling from exposed surfaces of finish hardware and shall remove all cartons, wrappings, and
$ |$ ~# s7 u0 K: Iother debris resulting from the work herein, and shall leave the facility in a neat, clean, and
( p7 Y4 |! {, C; Tacceptable condition subject to approval by the ENGINEER.
( t: h- V" b4 J! w# P
# O3 Q: \: M6 W4 T3.2 INSTALLATION
) ^. F/ a5 q5 l" K6 tA. All hardware shall be installed accurately and in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.+ q; M) o+ O1 L( Z& N) n
B. Hardware shall be securely tightened to develop full strength of components and provide for
! J* h8 O5 f0 {1 }, \proper operation.
- A7 |" W2 I- v, P/ f1 m6 nC. Make work neat and secure.
) _; N4 G% t/ N  l: k! k3 ]D. Prevent marring, scratching, or otherwise damaging adjacent finishes during hardware" j# H- t3 p5 b* ~2 Z. D9 O
installation.
4 c; i! C& V/ S& L- wE. Latchbolts:
& x7 j  r( ~0 R+ Z1. Install to engage in strikes automatically, whether activated by closers or manually.4 H: l% a( q, ?1 G, D9 `
2. Additional manual pressure shall not be required to engage latchbolt in strike.& ?8 i, D/ n, ]4 W5 \+ F$ g, h
F. Stops and Holders: Set to allow doors to open as far as possible.
' @6 f& r& e/ {* H2 f; O6 QG. Wall Mounted Hardware: Install over solid structural backing or solid blocking in hollow walls.
, R/ Z; R+ _1 @3 h( o4 Q8 f, WH. Thresholds:" e& g. d2 }/ c+ x6 f# D
1. Cope ends neatly to profile of jamb.% u& l& [+ b5 w1 y. r3 {
2. Set in sealant and seal ends to jambs.' ~# y) c# R, W( s; d( ~
I. Hardware: Adjust for easy, noise-free operation.. O  q, m. H+ D9 T6 d
J. Replace damaged hardware items.
7 T4 c, O& z) z5 U+ ^* a4 F! N' @1 b
( m" \8 J8 I$ S+ c: c$ p3 F3.3 PROTECTION! A" e+ l/ d2 o% g: p, T6 P; p
A. Cover and protect exposed surfaces of hardware during installation and until substantial8 u) Q' Z. R& M& Y
completion.
) |7 l( h: {! B1 D% F% q5 CB. Fit, dismantle, and reinstall finish hardware as required for finish painting work.. n5 C: a4 H" P& }7 l9 V
C. Protect and prevent staining of hardware during construction in accordance with manufacturer's) X) o5 C+ U( I1 {; T  X* p* i2 _" G
recommendations.
$ i( p( m* f  \+ rD. Remove protective measures on permanent lock cylinders installed prior to final cleaning.% V# S" v+ l- S1 m) j" K
* * * * * *
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:47:09 | 显示全部楼层
其实这都是常识,没有什么难的,确实可以减少好多漏洞,减少业主的风险,但是现行的体制下,工程师这么做了不但不能多挣钱,还赔进去好多时间,所以政府的监管职能应该强制执行,并且提高设计取费。做事情不能只讲少花钱。
发表于 2008-4-3 10:59:05 | 显示全部楼层
国外设计充分尊重业主的要求。设计人员一般一直呆在工地现场进行协调服务和设计调整,所以前期的工作是框架性的,后期的工作比较多
发表于 2009-5-9 13:19:01 | 显示全部楼层
又长见识了
发表于 2009-5-9 17:43:48 | 显示全部楼层
看来这国外还挺复杂了。
发表于 2009-5-16 20:13:58 | 显示全部楼层
我在越南搞了一个大型生产线方面的项目,属于交钥匙项目,狗日的越南人搞的图纸花里胡哨的,实际用处太少,n多的工程制图人员,天天就知道开会,一个也不去现场看看,工程进度奇慢,图纸上的问题多多,建议以后有类似的项目最好我们提供全套的图纸,并且要收高价的规划设计费
发表于 2014-6-20 18:44:11 | 显示全部楼层
犀利~学习了,但是比如美国这样的,人家搞软件多,土木最赚钱的就被拿走了
发表于 2022-6-17 09:12:52 | 显示全部楼层
大体上是一样的吧,都是建筑技术方面的,
6 t9 }) m. m1 x* ]主要不同在于各国的文化、经济、风俗、政治等等
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