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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel1 h$ Y* Q1 d3 Q7 x
Class Notes and lecture material% M% f7 K+ H# A
For7 H4 V& N; j- P& Q) v- f
MSE 651.01--
6 m- _% @/ q5 a Z* B5 P( ePhysical Metallurgy of Steel$ e. _7 U: M$ P. F; Z# F
Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus3 k# @ I7 ]; n7 o- _8 e
Notes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished. W/ w! a1 }4 ~% h$ n& a: G
Professor of Engineering4 {8 ^" P, ]: @
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate
6 g/ t- q T, \) B+ E1 HLast revision date: 1/8/014 M) m8 M, a+ y$ a, ~" Y
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STEEL
7 f5 {( c6 M* W1 {/ X1 n& EForeword+ H8 r6 g$ X* E; L
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical2 `8 X/ b% v `
metallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is; i- ]- x0 x; `) U
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific
) p3 H- _- C& g1 Wreferences to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
% Z( t8 ] d2 y& h; g( u: Eknowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts F& i" J# E! @+ L+ a: @) C
in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted! ]" u8 k. z; @. E
because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is% O) m8 H: z: u1 p, t( C3 `
restricted for use in MSE 651.01.
G( l' o: G* ]: p+ @7 J; x5 i& P! BTexts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)/ q- N7 M1 E3 K7 f2 G6 f4 |
Principles of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
. K, I2 L* i& G9 }The Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)4 J9 V. p7 T) w( A" |2 |
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
) O6 V. z6 y" U& l' n7 P& d @Handbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 19777 A* o; j4 p) t
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980
5 N m$ g4 T' h% N6 o6 vFerrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.; _# b6 y- H; }7 f9 R) m
Introduction
. d- R+ Q* E/ V9 \2 d$ ^5 lSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the
! ^! i& y- a" r4 r% W4 m' sEarth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they9 |8 V$ O$ c9 E5 Y, A7 F8 X, j2 @
can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling" g7 F4 ]. w4 Q5 Q
and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable. M( f; S2 J. V6 E5 N# V- h
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications9 A/ Y9 Z, X a3 w
that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural, Z0 d, V7 Q% s; l" { X
materials that are manufactured
" q5 ?4 r( [* w8 b( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413)." ]; ] d+ V7 q
What, then, is steel?, R- U. n! ^: E$ K
A precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very9 Q" m/ c7 k( h& _' M ^
large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably
" |; D: ?- q# P! Rbegin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a
' u2 y- i& M- zbeginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;3 ?8 c: `2 G7 H+ x
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel+ g+ k& y; P4 [4 F
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the; }( `5 O. ^+ M! m7 b
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by, @- A9 m3 w; t
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons: A; P6 M- R: S1 i
contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This
. |+ {) B! L% t+ Vdoes not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the
' U) h t9 l9 ~5 ~3 R' \! V- R$ Ccarbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced! d# ^- s6 T# d( J; J* @
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon
* q6 B& \ e8 G& g) h Y% }0 ]; Eto form carbides.
5 D! V3 P0 z4 T2 g' f( s- jSteels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter! {# K0 g; N- q; M. t* Y" h8 p
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),) W, B4 ~% j( a0 ~" P1 h
applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with
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( V' u1 k1 T. Q+ r3 wplain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
9 k$ V+ s% {- ?6 @% B6 l5 Gthe greatest tonnage |
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