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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel2 s& R/ c7 R# c( E8 ^8 F' a5 k- G
Class Notes and lecture material
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MSE 651.01--
J8 g2 v/ I% ]2 C2 L/ Q; JPhysical Metallurgy of Steel5 G% b/ l; r; G$ c. F' t9 h
Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
4 x* G; y) c* aNotes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished
( k& K+ h6 A& u/ Z. Y( V' w. o% j7 vProfessor of Engineering. b) V" v" S% {: k2 c9 l
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate" N6 b$ V! N# x1 e: X, [
Last revision date: 1/8/01 e+ c3 F1 [/ V
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STEEL- H T$ }" g8 a2 r8 v, G4 Y" F& P
Foreword+ J4 v' h. ]" l$ a
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
9 Z/ o, H0 L I3 X) l+ ^' Smetallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is' I+ s! R2 Y3 f* ]
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific% q# x9 h, Q' T- W7 e
references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
7 y. R; q# N7 M: s5 iknowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts' v/ S; Q& j1 V& c
in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted# G8 {9 j# E( I
because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is
- c& C* D0 D% Jrestricted for use in MSE 651.01.
" ~7 A g ]- _% C0 PTexts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
3 n# H0 b/ ^" u( ]' b- _- ]Principles of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)7 S2 H3 t2 S1 C9 k6 b* r) R2 h# `
The Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill); N2 {8 l% `1 W, z4 t7 l
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
: l) L$ F& \0 W: Z) \2 u8 sHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977! \# F% n. X; N8 m
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 19807 @, o! j1 t D( r( O
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.
1 N! `5 |( R' s9 VIntroduction
3 T. z. u# E6 O$ x; [3 H9 d" bSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the' }9 {9 b1 d' H. Y- Q) j/ \
Earth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they
, O/ \+ o" q) V' {) R# k; ican be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling. b2 X* M) }" O
and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable
0 g4 J$ f; X( ?( b; hthem to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications
; C8 x% c! W% n: B2 Uthat directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural( G$ A0 s1 M$ ~7 V7 a" w
materials that are manufactured/ v1 ]' Q5 M7 i4 h% a7 n, l0 L G, u8 A
( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).' E$ v+ e3 C1 o- i. o. Z
What, then, is steel?
: Q' S4 J. I" I" A+ MA precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
/ {' j7 w3 q1 K! _large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably8 C% O+ F% a- B: R
begin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a- ?3 {- U0 |. ^* F. v
beginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;& B. [9 g( V S% ]6 k: X/ z0 E3 U
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel6 ~0 B5 O) n& m6 A
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the9 x$ k$ t$ U4 v- K
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by. w6 k& `3 x; ~% c( K) a9 r% s
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons
* ]- ~+ P# M3 f8 N9 o7 R) @+ Acontain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This0 ?3 [( b" O2 Q3 W
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the- d! X: c4 u, j$ e6 e2 p
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced- j6 Q$ y) @5 ~
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon9 f/ S% y5 a! q" D& l
to form carbides., b8 U3 T2 r, W( _7 P
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter
v$ R8 T1 H! x7 P A7 |9 ?- ncan then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),
+ T6 g/ f1 }8 I* r% f1 L) ?applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with
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plain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in6 ~1 M% Y# {7 T% e- B0 R/ z
the greatest tonnage |
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