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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel
2 a; v% \/ Q5 oClass Notes and lecture material
0 R$ W5 x o4 v9 C! R6 vFor
# ^7 F1 L& S* [% MMSE 651.01--7 N- c0 s- b }, m; P; G& K
Physical Metallurgy of Steel
4 I7 r3 f' m+ XNotes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
; x, K+ w3 [ k. zNotes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished' x- p# Q; ]- @& R4 m
Professor of Engineering. B; D2 Y/ v5 d S& q$ y
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate
2 Y8 k' @. @7 ^. k% v' K% N# O4 {Last revision date: 1/8/01: G% S, ^8 f2 r: Y
11
% C* _" H/ W* f+ e* W+ g5 [8 N' P7 CSTEEL
# j3 B; V3 S+ R( WForeword
; L1 m. R4 r/ qThis document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical. S( s8 R1 }% P/ E! h2 j1 p! t
metallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is
% @: d( B1 I; {: Cbased on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific
* M O7 T7 J# S) greferences to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
6 d. H3 c# z2 g* s) B' ^knowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts% _/ |9 l5 ~4 c' ]
in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted
* Y5 A! b- M) ~& ^3 d; v0 y' z! z) u8 nbecause that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is
, R3 Y5 ]6 @$ Z4 ?7 P6 m$ Krestricted for use in MSE 651.01.
. D0 M1 `2 s3 }; ~, Y8 k+ }Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
/ m+ H1 ^0 x- ^+ E$ XPrinciples of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
- Y( N0 d, q, @$ e9 r& YThe Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)" v O& z$ }9 V
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
+ d ]5 w8 z" z( AHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977
9 x" r# c( [: Z5 o$ n3 zTool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980
$ l6 f1 t; |8 n# m) m3 bFerrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.
- [* q# _) o5 w& U( @4 ^0 A; M" H, yIntroduction
7 S8 g# }& u, O( RSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the* L) p$ ~' T) T6 h. f6 E
Earth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they
) d- q; c$ G& i( i, ycan be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling2 B- l, h# P% m* V& l3 D
and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable7 L# D/ x; L2 M
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications
. V; h8 x7 C6 J) m Lthat directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural
9 ?9 _9 o* F3 B/ ?9 rmaterials that are manufactured
5 E& a% i* z0 x! ^( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).
3 |# P! V9 Y% h6 n0 B- Z* [What, then, is steel?
6 f% c7 F2 j8 }5 M5 IA precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
' r0 Y, \% A" f# @large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably6 c' J- }- n* X9 B
begin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a
" C" V' e$ }- T# o* jbeginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;# x; V' `7 ~3 b$ U
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel# K9 @& F j8 [: @9 \0 `6 a: v N
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the: A6 o; E0 i3 H+ t; C3 l: Q
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by
, {1 ~' x! H9 L, |, e3 lweight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons$ M" Y! c8 h) g1 X, b3 Y
contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This. z" D. f x0 m- Y- b
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the
- M4 K; w, u {) Z: n: s9 \; Bcarbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced
- T0 U4 p: s) ?7 V# P0 c. {8 q ofurther by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon9 f# j; i, S7 @! [0 A
to form carbides.
5 G" {2 S8 x1 ?" _8 N ESteels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter6 H! P. q; Q* ]" k% {
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),
0 H" q( x r' F1 D$ F, r2 Mapplications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with
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plain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
% q: u! `6 @* c: r$ P+ d* |, qthe greatest tonnage |
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